Fig. 1: A low concentration of ATO enhanced the efficiency of CDDP in CCA cells.

a HuCCT1 and RBE cells were treated with different concentrations (0.0 to 8.0 μM) of ATO for 24 h, and then the cell viabilities were determined in triplicate. b HuCCT1 and RBE cells were treated with different concentrations of CDDP (0.0 to 80 μM) combined with 0.0 or 2.0 μM ATO for 24 h, respectively. The cell viability was determined in triplicate, and the IC50s were calculated. c and d CCA cells treated by 10.0 μM CDDP in the presence or absence of 2.0 μM ATO for 24 h. c Western blot (top) and quantitative analysis (bottom) of the expressions of γ-H2AX. d Percentage of cell apoptosis (Q1: necrotic cells, Q2: late apoptosis, Q3: early apoptosis, Q4: living cells). The right graph was a statistical analysis of total apoptosis (Q2 + Q3). **p < 0.01 vs. control, ## p < 0.01 vs. CDDP-treated group.