Fig. 1: System-level analysis and PBMC-based gene signatures show association with SARS and COVID-19.

A Schematic showing the identification of PBMC RNA gene signatures associated with disease staging, and hierarchical modeling of genes, pathways, networks, subcellular contents, cells, and disease symptoms using COVID-engine platform. This figure was prepared using Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com) under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). B Heatmap showing 290 gene signature genes in 10 SARS patients and 4 healthy individuals. Both CoV-Up-gene signature (169 genes) and CoV-Down-gene signature (121 genes) are shown. C, D. CoV-Up-gene signature scores (C) and CoV-Down-gene signature scores (D) and their association with SARS-CoV-2-infected (COVID-19; n = 3) patients and healthy individuals (n = 3; datasets from Xiong et al.¹⁷). For C and D statistical significance was not considered due to low sample size. E, F. CoV-Up-gene signature scores (E) and CoV-Down-gene signature scores (F) and their association with acute and recovering SARS-CoV-infected patients (n = 25; 44 samples), bacteria-infected patients (n = 16), and healthy individuals (n = 9; datasets from Lee et al.¹⁹). Kruskal–Wallis statistical test with p < 0.001 for E and F. G Acute vs. recovering gene signature from Lee et al.¹⁹ predicted acute-like and recovering-like SARS-CoV-infected patients (n = 10) from Raghunathan et al.¹⁶ using NTP method and cosine distance measure.