Fig. 3: Highly represented signaling pathways/processes in coronavirus-infected patients.

A, B Expression levels of genes related to immune cell chemoattractants CXCL8 and CCL13 (A), genes involved in T cells and suppression of viral replication OAS2 and IL16 (B) in acute-like and recovering-like coronavirus-infected patients and healthy individuals. Blue asterisk (*) represents Kruskal–Wallis nominal p value across all three groups and red asterisk (*) represent Welch two-sample t-test p value between patients and healthy individuals. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001 and ■p < 0.08. Multiple testing was not done due to low sample size. C Enrichment statistical analysis (hypergeometric test using hypeR57) using CoV-Up-gene signature and pathways/processes based on gene sets from MSigDB’s HALLMARKS database20.