Fig. 4: Crosstalk between nerves and immune cells.

ACh is synthesized in the T cells by enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Adrenergic innervation stimulates production of the T-cell-derived ACh, which is involved in regulating the tumor immunity and tumor biology behavior. Endoneural macrophages also regulate tumor metastasis through CXCL10. CXCL10 recruits the myeloid cells and suppresses T cells via VISTA and PD-L1.