Table 2 Noncoding RNAs regulates pyroptosis in cancer metastasis.

From: Non-coding RNAs in necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis in cancer metastasis

LncRNAs

Target gene

Function in human cancer metastasis

SNHG7

miR-34a

Interference with SNHG7 decreased the levels of SIRT1 via regulating the expression of miR-34a and promoted pyroptosis in liver cancer patients [64]. miR-34a suppressed metastasis of human cancers by targeting specific genes, including YY1 in liver cancer [151], CCL22 in renal cell carcinoma [152], CD44 in osteosarcoma cells [153], and prostate cancers [154].

Kcnq1ot1

miR-214-3p miR-486a-3p

LncRNA Kcnq1ot1 induced pyroptosis in diabetic corneal endothelial kerotopathy [155]. Kcnq1ot1 induced pyroptosis was due to inhibiting miR-486a-3p and upregulating NLRP3 [156]. Knockdown Kcnq1ot1 inhibited gasdermin D cleavage to regulate pyroptosis [65].

lncRNA GAS5

miR-34b-3p miR-452-5p

LncRNA GAS5 was associated with the progression of ovarian cancer by regulating the formation of inflammasome and pyroptosis [67]. lncRNA GAS5/miR-452-5p downregulated oxidative stress and pyroptosis [157]. Moreover, GAS5 inhibited pyroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy by targeting miR-34b-3p/AHR [158].

LncRNA MEG3

miR-485 miR-223 miR-184 miR-21

Lnc MEG3 promoted pyroptosis by down-regulating the levels of miR-485 and up-regulating the levels AIM2 [68]. Additionally, melatonin inhibited pyroptosis by regulating the miR-223/NLRP3 pathway [89]. MEG3 inhibited metastasis via targeting miR184 in myeloid leukemia [159]. In gastric cancer, MEG3 inhibited metastasis by regulating miR-21 [70].

LncRNA XIST

miR-335 miR-137 miR-139-5p miR-217

Interference with XIST inhibited NSCLC development by activating miR-335/SOD2/ROS pathway mediated pyroptosis [77]. XIST promoted metastasis of glioma by miR-133a/SOX4 [73]. It also promoted metastasis of colorectal cancer by regulating the miR-137-EZH2 pathway [74]. And XIST promoted metastasis of bladder cancers via miR-139-5p-mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway [160] and induced metastasis of melanoma by sponging miR-217 [76]. Silencing XIST promoted pyroptosis and suppressed NSCLC development by inducing ROS production and activating NLRP3 [77].

LncRNA Neat1

miR-34c miR-146b-5p miR-224-5p miR-382-3p

The lncRNA Neat1 stabilized the mature caspase-1 to promote pyroptosis [78]. Neat1 promoted metastasis in human various cancers, by inhibiting miR-146b-5p [161] in breast cancers, targeting miR-224-5p in malignant melanoma [162], by mediating miR-382-3p in ovarian cancer [163].

lncRNA MALAT1

miR-22 miR-23c

lncRNA MALAT1 promoted pyroptosis as the ceRNA to competitively bind miR-22, which led to the levels of NLRP3 was affected. This might be a new way in the clinical therapy for atherosclerosis [81, 164].

lncRNA DLX6-AS1

miR-223-3p miR-641 miR-577

In AKI patients, higher levels of DLX6-AS1 were observed. Silencing DLX6-AS1 suppressed the pyroptosis of HK-2 cell through miR-223-3p/NLRP3 signaling in LPS-induced acute kidney injury [82]. DLX6-AS1 promoted metastasis in prostate cancer via mediating LARGE methylation [165]. DLX6-AS1 promoted metastasis via miR-641/HOXA9 pathway in osteosarcoma [166] and targeting miR-577 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [167]. Inhibition of DLX6-AS1 suppressed metastasis via Notch signaling in human epithelial ovarian cancers [168].

lncRNA H19

miR-21 miR-675-5p miR-138 miR-29b-3p miR-6515-3p

lncRNA-H19 functioned as the sponge of miR-21 to stimulate PDCD4 expression and formed a ceRNA in ischemic cascade [83]. H19 promoted tumor metastasis by targeting miR-675-5p [169], miR-138 [170], miR-29b-3p [171], miR-6515-3p [172].