Fig. 6: Schematic overview of TGF-βRII mediating glycolysis via PKM2 nuclear translocation in oral CAFs.

TGF-βRII overexpression suppressed glucose metabolism in CAFs by attenuating PKM2 nuclear translocation, and this was triggered by multiple regulators and the related signaling pathways. TGF-βRII overexpression attenuated p-Smad2/3, augmented p-ERK1/2 expression, subsequently might promote PKM2 translocation into the nucleus in oral CAFs. Overexpressing TGF-βRII also downregulated the expression of PKM2 and GLUT1 to reduce the glucose uptake into the nucleus.