Fig. 7: General summary of SpvB-mediated IECs necroptosis during Salmonella infection.

SpvB, an effector encoded by pSLT, downregulates the K48-Ub-degradation of RIPK3 in an autophagy-dependent manner. The abundant accumulation of RIPK3 upregulates the phosphorylation level of MLKL and leads to necroptosis in IECs. The SpvB-mediated IECs necroptosis aggravates the pathogenesis of Salmonella through promoting the bacteria to disrupt intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. IECs, intestinal epithelial cells; SCV, Salmonella-containing vacuole; MLKL, mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein; RIPK3, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3; RIPK1, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1.