Fig. 4: Effect of XE-991 on mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production in GA challenged primary rat cortical neurons.

A Representative records showing mitochondrial membrane potential measurements under different experimental conditions, namely control (black line), exposure to XE-991 (gray line), 24 h of GA challenge (red line), and 24 h of GA challenge in the presence of XE-991 (yellow line). B Quantification of mitochondrial membrane potential and D ATP production under different experimental conditions. C Representative pictures of mitochondrial membrane potential measurements. Scale bar 50 µm. In each experiment intracellular TMRE fluorescence and ATP levels were reported as control percentages. Differences among means were evaluated by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. A, B After permeabilizing cells with digitonin (5 µM), mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by using a nonquenching concentration (10 nM) of the inner mitochondrial membrane potential indicator TMRE. FCCP (20 µM) was added at the end of the recording session as internal control. B F (3, 12) = 15.57. Each column depicts the mean ± S.E.M. of 50–100 cells recorded in four different sessions. *Significant versus all groups (p < 0.001). D F (3, 37) = 24.03. Each column depicts the mean ± S.E.M. of at least four independent experiments that were performed in triplicate. *Significant versus all groups (p < 0.0001 versus control groups and p < 0.01 versus XE-991 + GA); **significant versus all groups (p < 0.001 versus Ctl, p < 0.05 versus XE-991, and p < 0.01 versus GA).