Table 2 Common and unique mechanisms related to pyroptosis in MSDs.
From: The regulatory role and therapeutic application of pyroptosis in musculoskeletal diseases
Shared pyroptosis pathways | Unique upstream or downstream pathways | Diseases | Biological effects | Target cells | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18 | LPS-ATP/NLRP3 | OA | Fibrosis, synovitis | FLSs | [62] |
HIF-1α/NLRP3 | [63] | ||||
NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β, IL-18, HMGB1 | Macrophage | [64] | |||
ATP/P2X7R/NLRP3 | Cartilage degeneration | Chondrocytes | [66] | ||
HA/NLRP3/ MMPs,ADAMTs | Macrophages | [71] | |||
IL-1, TNF-α/iNOS/NO/NLRP3 | Oxidative damage | Chondrocytes | [74] | ||
H2O2/USP-7/NOX4/ROS/NLRP3 | [75] | ||||
LPS/ROS/Nrf2/HO-1/ROS/NLRP3 | FLSs | [77] | |||
Regulator-Rag/mTORC1/mROS/GSDMD | GSDMD oligomerization | Macrophages | [76] | ||
NF-kB, TLR2,3,4,7/NLRP3 | Chronic inflammatory state | Macrophages | [79] | ||
UA/NLRP3 | [84] | ||||
NLRP3/Caspase-1/HMGB1 | FLSs | [85] | |||
Chondrocytes | [87] | ||||
NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-18 | RA | Chronic inflammatory state | Macrophage | [92] | |
NLRP3/Caspase-1/FADD | [94] | ||||
PTX3-C1q/NLRP3 | Monocyte | [95] | |||
AIM2/NLRP3 | T cells | [93] | |||
H+/ASIC1a/Ca2+/NLRP3 | Chondrocytes | [97] | |||
LPS/TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 | FLSs | [100] | |||
ROS/GRK2/HIF-1α/NLRP3 | [101] | ||||
ROS/MAPKs/NF-kB/NLRP3 | OP | Enhanced bone resorption | Osteoclasts | [117] | |
LPS/NLRP3 | [118] | ||||
MSU/NLRP3 | GA | Chronic inflammatory state | Monocytes | [120] | |
C5a/ROS/NLRP3 | [121] | ||||
P2Y14R/cAMP/NLRP3 | [122] | ||||
NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β, IL-18/IL-17,23 | AS | Enhanced autoimmunity | T cells | [135] | |
Monocytes | [136] | ||||
IL-1β/NF-KB/NLRP3 | IDD | Chronic inflammatory state | NPs | [141] | |
TNF-α/NAMPT/MAPK, NF-kB/NLRP3 | [144] | ||||
PKM2 & NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD | Muscle diseases | Myositis, atrophy | Muscle cells | [150] | |
NF-kB/NLRP3, HIF-1α/NLRP3 | [152] | ||||
TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 | [155] | ||||
NLRP1/Caspase-1/GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18 | LPS-ATP/NLRP1 | OA | Fibrosis, synovitis | FLSs | [62] |
NLRP1/Caspase-1/HMGB1 | Chronic inflammatory state | [85] | |||
NLRP1/Caspase-1/HMGB1 | Chronic inflammatory state | Chondrocytes | [87] | ||
NLRC4/Caspase-1/GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18 | LPS/NLRC4 | OP | Enhanced bone resorption | Osteoclasts | [118] |
Caspase-4,5,11/P2X7R-panx-1 | P2X7/AMPK/mTOR | OA | Autophagy ↑ , pyroptosis ↓ | Chondrocytes | [67] |
HDAC1,2/P2X7R | Muscle diseases | Myositis, atrophy | Muscle cells | [153] | |
NF-kB/IL-1β, IL-18 | NF-kB/MMP13,IL-1β, TNF-α | OA | Cartilage degeneration | Chondrocytes | [66] |
CARD8/NF-kB | AS | Chronic inflammatory state | - | [134] | |
NF-kB/IL-1β, TNF-α/MMPs, ADAMTs | IDD | Chronic inflammatory state | NPs | [140] | |
Caspase-3/GSDME | LPS/TLR4/NF-kB/Caspase-3/GSDME | RA | Chronic inflammatory state | FLSs | [100] |
Caspase-3/GSDME | Muscle diseases | Myositis, atrophy | Muscle cells | [151] |
