Fig. 3: Volcano plot of differential gene expression between HK2 and HUEhT cells incubated with SARS-CoV-2 or mock.

A RNA-seq was performed on HK2 and HUEhT cells incubated with SARS-CoV-2 or mock. The figure shows the principal component analysis. B, C Volcano plots of gene expression between cells incubated with SARS-CoV-2 and mock (B; HK2 cells, C; HUEhT cells) were visualized. Protein-cording genes that pass the thresholds for false discovery rate (FDR) and log fold change (FC) (FDR < 0.05 and |log2 FC| > 1) were plotted in red. The characteristic upregulated or downregulated genes for cells incubated with SARS-CoV-2 were mapped. D The top 10 adjusted p-value GO biological process terms corresponded to upregulated coding gene function in RNA sequencing data of HK2 cells incubated with SARS-CoV-2 compared to HK2 cells incubated with Mock. E. Canonical pathway identified by IPA (Top20). F–H Upstream regulator analysis indicates the relationships between each inhibitor and related genes/renal diseases.