Fig. 6: Roflumilast attenuated STK11-mutated migration in vitro and tumor progression in vivo.

a, c TB 32047 and PANC-1 cells were exposed to increasing doses of Roflumilast. The percentage of cell viability relative to that of cells is shown. Data represent the mean ± SD of three replicates. b Quantitative analysis of TB 32047 cells that migrated with or without Roflumilast after 24 h. Data are presented as means of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA. Images taken at 0 h and 24 h are shown in e. d Quantitative analysis of PANC-1 cells that migrated with or without Roflumilast after 36 h. Data are presented as means of three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA. Images taken at 0 h and 36 h are shown in f. g Representative images of pancreatic tumors from the indicated group. h The resulting tumors were collected on day 23 (day 8–23 with Roflumilast), weighed, and compared to the vehicle group. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of at least four mice per group. ns, p = 0.1767; *p < 0.05, by unpaired t-test. i Fisher’s exact t-test shows the difference in the formation of metastases with Roflumilast treatment mice. ns, p = 1 (NC1.4 Vehicle vs. NC1.4 Roflumilast); ns, p = 1 (STK11^KO Vehicle vs. STK11^KO Roflumilast).