Table 1 Ketamine and Psilocybin-induced downstream long-lasting sustained change events.

Ketamine

CUS

C57BL/6J mice

Depression-related behaviors;

Dendritic spine density and dendritic spine morphology in prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and hippocampus

8 d

[29]

Nrf2 KO

C57BL/6 mice

Depression-related behaviors;

TrkB signaling pathway in PFC;

synapse-associated proteins GluA1 and PSD-95 in PFC

7 d

[19]

Anxiety disorders combined PTSD

Wistar Kyoto rat

Avoidance-related behaviors;

Hippocampal synaptic plasticity

21 d

[31]

Middle cerebral artery occlusion combined chronic unpredicted mild stress

Sprague-Dawley rat

Depression-related behaviors;

NMDAR/CaMKII signaling pathway;

Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus

7 d

[33]

Chronic pain

C57BL/6J mice

Depression-related behaviors;

T cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1);

Synaptic structure and functional plasticity in Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons

3 d

[32]

Chronic CORT combined with repetitive restrain

C57BL/6J mice

Depression-related behaviors;

Postsynaptic dendritic spines on prefrontal projection neurons

21 d

[30]

-

CA1 region of mice hippocampal slices

NMDA receptor ion channels; K⁺ channels;

Postsynaptic neuronal population spike amplitudes

2 h

[18]

-

Mice mesencephalic and human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived DA neurons

AMPAR/mTOR/BDNF signaling pathway;

Synaptic structural plasticity

3 d

[36]

-

Swiss mice

BDNF and GFAP protein expression in PFC;

Neuroplasticity

30 d

[34]

-

C57BL/6 mice

Depression-related behaviors;

NRG1/ ErbB4 signaling in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) neurons in the PFC; Neuroplasticity

7 d

[35]

Ketamine and guanosine

-

Swiss mice

Depression related behaviors;

Dendritic spine density, mTORC1-dependent mechanisms, and synapse-associated proteins in the DG of the ventral hippocampus and the PFC

1 d

[45]

Psilocybin

Major depressive disorder

Human

EEG θ power amplitude; Neuroplasticity

14 d

[38]

-

Human

Resting-state functional connectivity;

Emotions and brain plasticity

30 d

[37]

-

C57BL/6 J mice

Stress related behaviors;

Excitatory neurotransmission; synaptic rewiring

30 d

[39]

Danish slaughter pig

Hippocampal synaptic vesicle protein 2 A (SV2A);

Increased persistent synaptogenesis

7 d

[40]

Ketamine and scopolamine

-

C57BL/6 J mice

Depression related behaviors;

Phosphorylation of methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2); BDNF protein expression; Synaptic plasticity

7 d

[46]

Ketamine and (2 R,6 R)-HNK

-

C57BL/6 mice

Function of AMPARs in the nucleus ambiguus;

Altered Synaptic Plasticity in Brain Regions Associated with Rewarding Behavior

7 d

[41]

(2 R,6 R)-HNK

Learned helplessness (LH)

Sprague-Dawley rats

Depression-related behaviors;

Glutamatergic transmission and surface GluR1 expression in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG);

Frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in the vlPAG

21 d

[43]

-

midbrain dopaminergic neurons

Dendrite outgrowth

3 d

[44]

-

C57BL/6J mice

BDNF/TrkB/mTORC1 signaling in the PFC;

Synaptic function

5 d

[42]