Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the unfolded protein response in tumors. | Cell Death Discovery

Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the unfolded protein response in tumors.

From: Endoplasmic reticulum stress—a key guardian in cancer

Fig. 1

In the endoplasmic reticulum, the ERS-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) promotes tumor progression via three pathways: a The activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) undergoes sequential proteolytic cleavage by site-1 and site-2 proteases (S1P and S2P), facilitating the generation of its active form. This form then translocates to the nucleus and activates numerous downstream targets. b Upon ERS, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) is released from Bip/GRP78 and undergoes self-oligomerization and phosphorylation. Consequently, it phosphorylates eIF2α and activates ATF4. c IRE1 is released from Bip/GRP78, then undergoes dimerization and autophosphorylation, subsequently catalyzing the splicing of XBP RNA and regulating a cascade of downstream reactions.

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