Fig. 2: The roles of ERS in tumor progression.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves several crucial functions in tumors, including the promotion or inhibition of tumor proliferation, induction of cell apoptosis, enhancement of tumor invasion and metastasis, stimulation of tumor angiogenesis, facilitation of tumor cell glycolysis and lipid metabolism, support of tumor immune evasion, and mediation of drug resistance.