Fig. 3: The role of ERS in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. | Cell Death Discovery

Fig. 3: The role of ERS in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis.

From: Endoplasmic reticulum stress—a key guardian in cancer

Fig. 3

Growth: ERS regulates tumor growth through signaling pathways including IRE1/XBP1/IL-6/STAT3, IRE1/TRAF2/NF-κB, PERK/NRF2, PERK/eIF2α/ATF4, and ATF6/STAT3. Metastasis: ERS regulates tumor metastasis mainly through modulation of tumor cells EMT or polarization of tumor-associated macrophages.

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