Table 3 Drugs targeted to induce differentiation of gastric cancer cells.
Classification | Target | Function | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Small molecule compounds | ||||
ATRA | ATRA induces the differentiation of tumor-initiating cells in GC, inhibits the formation and growth of tumor spheres, and induces the differentiation of tumor spheres. | ATRA arrests the cell cycle by up-regulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKs), down-regulates cell cycle progression activators, down-regulates the expression of tumor stem cell markers CD44 and ALDH, and stem cell genes such as Klf4 and Sox2. | [139] | |
ATPR | Inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis. | ATPR depends on the retinoic acid signaling pathway to regulate the expression of genes related to cell differentiation and apoptosis. | ||
LSD1 inhibitors | Induce apoptosis and differentiation of GC cell line MGC-803 cells, inhibit migration, and induce cell stemness and enhance the immune response. | Inhibit LSD1 expression in tumors to inhibit cancer progression. | ||
Tachyplesins | Inhibits gastric cancer cell growth and mitosis. | Down-regulated the expression levels of cancer genes c-erbB-2, c-myc, and mtp53 proteins, while up-regulating the expression level of anti-cancer gene p16 protein. | [147] | |
Vitamin C | The malignant characteristics of cells were significantly reduced, the colony formation potential of cell differentiation indicators was reduced, and human cancer cells were induced to redifferentiate and cell growth was inhibited. | It can enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, induce the formation of H2O2, and change the cellular redox state. | ||
Organic Compounds | ||||
Metformin | Induce GC cell differentiation, resulting in slow tumor growth, and reduced the self-renewal capacity of GC stem cells. | Induced cell cycle arrest, inhibited cell proliferation, and reduced the number of tumor spheres. | ||
DADS | DADS can inhibit the growth of MGC803 cells and induce the differentiation and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells. | DADS reduced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 protein and inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner, The p21 and p53 genes may play an important role in the differentiation of gastric cancer cells induced by DADS. | ||
NaBT | Reverse the malignant phenotype of AGS, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited, and the structure of AGS cells changed greatly. | NaBT can induce G1 phase arrest of AGS cells by up-regulating the expression of p21 and inhibiting cell proliferation. | ||
Aloe emodin | Aloe emodin inhibits the growth of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, and reduces the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). | Through cell cycle interruption and induction of differentiation. | [155] | |
HMBA | Induces morphological differentiation and cell cycle arrest in human GC BGC-823 cells, inducing differentiation of GC cells. | May involve complex processes, including signal networks of connecting vesicle transport, cell skeleton remodeling other than morphological differentiation, and cell cycle G1 arrest, induces G0/G1 arrest and up-regulation of proton pump. | ||
Suramin | Inhibits the growth of SNU-16 cells and induces the differentiation of SNU-16 cells. | Induces the development of intracytoplasmic lumen and intercellular lumen, forms a large number of microvilli and frequent desmosomes, releases CEA, and inhibits cell ectopic transplantation. | [162] | |
Aspirin | Induces differentiation of GC cells into non-proliferating cells, Inhibits cell proliferation. | Decreased the mRNA expression of EMT-related molecules, stem cell markers and heparinase, and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase of KATO-III cells. | [159] | |
Hormones | ||||
Melatonin | Promote the differentiation of GC cells. | Increase the expression of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, inhibits EMT. | ||
