Table 1 The occurrence of different mechanisms in various cancer types.

From: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the hedgehog signaling pathway in cancer

Classification of cancer	Cancer	Abnormal activation type	Cause of pathway activation	Reference
Skin system	BCC	Ligand-independent autocrine patterns	Dual targeting of Ptch1 and Ptch2, as well as overexpression of key Hh signaling mediators.	[48]
Nervous system	MB	Ligand-independent autocrine patterns	Mutations in the PTCH1, SMO and SUFU	[84]
Soft tissue sarcoma	RMS	Ligand-independent autocrine patterns	Partial inactivation of PTCH1	[78]
Digestive system	CRC	Ligand-dependent autocrine patterns	Overexpression of Hh/Gli components	[101,102,103]
		Ligand-dependent paracrine patterns	Activation of surrounding stromal cells promotes tumor cell growth, changes tumor microenvironment and enhances tumor metastasis.	[135]
	Pancreatic cancer	Ligand-dependent autocrine patterns	TNF-α, IL-1β and hypoxia-induced upregulation of Smo	[110]
		Ligand-dependent paracrine patterns	HH ligands enhance tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and perineural invasion through paracrine mechanisms.	[133]
Urogenital system	Bladder cancer	Ligand-dependent autocrine patterns	Shh-expressing stem cells in the basal urothelium activate the HH pathway.	[115]
	Prostate cancer	Ligand-dependent autocrine patterns	Increased Hh ligands (especially Ihh and Dhh) and changes in reactive substrates (such as decreased SMCs) in the tumor microenvironment.	[121]
		Ligand-dependent paracrine patterns	By promoting osteoblast development and SEMA3C induces androgen production, it affects tumor progression and metastasis.	[138,139,140]
	Breast cancer	Ligand-dependent autocrine patterns	Up-regulated stem cell markers such as OCT4, NESTIN and NANOG	[125]

Table 1 lists the various forms of cancer in the digestive, urogenital, skin, nervous, and soft tissue sarcoma systems, along with the abnormal activation types of the Hh signaling pathways that correspond to them (such as ligand-independent autocrine mode and ligand-dependent autocrine/paracrine mode). It also describes the precise causes of abnormal activation of these pathways. such include alterations in the cell microenvironment, protein overexpression, and gene mutation. Furthermore, these findings offer potential targets for upcoming treatment approaches in addition to crucial insights into the part Hh signaling pathways play in the genesis of cancer.

Back to article page

Table 1 The occurrence of different mechanisms in various cancer types.

Search

Quick links