Fig. 1: NETs are induced around cerebral vessels after TBI.

A Significant foci of injury was present 3 days after TBI. B, C Western blotting and quantitative analysis of neutrophil-specific marker, NE, in the cortex (n = 6). D, E Western blotting and quantitative analysis of the NET-specific marker citH3 in the cortex (n = 6). F, G Representative image of double immunofluorescence staining of citH3 (green) and NE (red) and quantification of NE+ citH3+ cells in the cortex of mice from the sham and TBI groups 3 days after TBI (n = 3). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars = 50 μm, scale bars on the enlarged images = 10 μm. H Immunofluorescence staining of citH3 (pink), MPO (green), and CD31 (red). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 50 μm. I Western blotting of the NET-specific marker citH3 in the contused brain tissue of patients with and without TBI. J Plasma dsDNA concentrations of healthy donors and patients with TBI (n = 6). K Plasma dsDNA concentrations of the sham and TBI group (n = 6). Data were presented as the mean ± SD, ns: Not significant. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.