Fig. 1: Formation mechanisms and core functions of LLPS.
From: Liquid‒liquid phase separation: a potentially fundamental mechanism of sepsis
A LLPS, a fundamental biophysical phenomenon where biomolecules in solution separate into distinct fluid-like condensates, enables cellular regionalisation through the formation of membraneless organelles in eukaryotic cells. B IDRs drive phase separation via various weak interactions, including charge‒charge interactions, cation‒π interactions, π‒π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. C LLPS is involved in multiple biological processes, such as viral replication, signal transduction, RNA and protein processing, immune responses, inflammatory signalling, and programmed cell death.
