Fig. 8: Proposed Working Model. | Cell Death Discovery

Fig. 8: Proposed Working Model.

From: SPON2 facilitates osteosarcoma development by inducing M2 macrophage polarization through activation of the NF-κB/VEGF signaling axis

Fig. 8

SPON2 is significantly upregulated in OS, driving tumor proliferation and metastasis. Mechanistically, SPON2 promotes M2 macrophage polarization by activating the NF-κB/VEGF signaling axis and modulating cytokine secretion, including IL10, CCL2, and CSF1, thereby fostering an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that facilitates OS progression.

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