Fig. 1: Cannabichromene (CBC) treatment induces cell death via the apoptotic pathway in human pancreatic cancer cells. | Cell Death Discovery

Fig. 1: Cannabichromene (CBC) treatment induces cell death via the apoptotic pathway in human pancreatic cancer cells.

From: Cannabichromene: integrative modulation of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and endocannabinoid signaling in pancreatic cancer therapy

Fig. 1

A mRNA-seq analysis identified 2567 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in two MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. B Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses showed the relative enrichment of the apoptotic signaling pathway, regulation of ferroptosis, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Statistical significance is displayed as the −log10 (p-value), where the enrichment p-value was obtained using DAVID software. The dotted line indicates the p-value cutoff used. Left: upregulated genes; right: downregulated genes. C Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) staining analysis was performed using pancreatic cancer cells after CBC treatment for 24 h. The graph represents the number of increased apoptotic MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells, respectively. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t test, with P ≤ 0.05. D An annexin V-FITC fluorescence image was also captured from the cultured pancreatic cancer cells based on the same treatment condition. E FACS analysis was performed on CBC-treated pancreatic cancer cells. CBC treatment resulted in an increased dead cell population after 24 h. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t test, with P ≤ 0.05. F Western blot analysis also performed on cyclin proteins in CBC-treated pancreatic cancer cells. Expression levels of most cyclin proteins were downregulated after CBC treatment. The graphs were obtained based on densitometric data from western blot images. G Western blot analysis was performed on two pancreatic cancer cells after CBC treatment. The expression of cleaved PARP-1, p53, and cleaved caspase-3 and 9 was increased in CBC-treated cancer cells. The graphs were obtained based on densitometric data from western blot images. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t tests, with P ≤ 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, with P < 0.01 or P < 0.001 vs. 0 h. MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells were treated with 35 μM and 30 μM CBC, respectively.

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