Fig. 2: scRNA-seq of B cells reveals distinct subpopulation composition in tumors treated with PC or treatment-naïve.

a Boxplot comparing the frequency of B cells between the primary CRC and liver metastases. Each dot represents the percentage of B cells from one sample. P value was calculated using Wilcoxon rank-sum test, **P < 0.01. b t-SNE plot of scRNA-seq profile from 7454 B cells separated into 16 subtypes. Cells are colored according to different cell types. c t-SNE plot of scRNA-seq profiles of B cells in the primary CRC. Cells are colored according to treatment status (treated with PC or without PC). d Boxplots showing the percentage of each B cell subcluster in untreated and treated samples in the primary CRC. The plot shows that B01, B04, B08, B09, and B12 are enriched in tumors treated with PC, whereas B00, B11, B02, and B06 are prevalent in untreated tumors. e Volcano plot showing DEGs between B cells enriched in tumors treated with PC and B cells prevalent in untreated tumors. Each red dot denotes an individual gene with adjusted P value < 0.05 and fold change ≥1.5 (two-sided moderated t-test with limma). f Box plots showing the expression of IGHG1, IGHG3, IGHG4, and IGHA1 in PC-treated and treatment-naïve tumors. g Heat map showing the relative expression of MHC molecules in each B cell subtype. h GO analysis for upregulated genes (top) and downregulated genes (bottom) with P < 0.05 in tumors treated with PC vs without PC. Pathways related to immune activation are colored by red; pathways related to inflammation are colored by blue. i The FACS results showing the abundance of activated B (CD86+HLA-DR+CD19+) cells in CRC patients treated with or without PC. j Boxplot showing the levels of the B cell signature in samples from pretreated colorectal cancer patients in the dataset GSE12246, adjuvant chemotherapy86. k The Kaplan–Meier overall survival curves of TCGA COAD patients grouped by different expression levels of signature genes of activated B cells enriched in PC-treated tumors. Patients involved in this analysis include MSI-high, MSI-low, and MSS patients. Patients separated by high- (n = 133) or low-level (n = 133) B cell gene signature exhibit different overall survival (P = 0.05). l Overall survival curves of TCGA COAD patients. Only MSS patients were involved in the analysis. P = 0.034.