Fig. 3: Dysregulated pathways in SMCs during the development of TAAD.

a Network view of the differentially regulated REACTOME pathways in SMCs at the early stage of TAAD induction. The size of the dot reflects the size of the gene set. The dots in red denote upregulated pathways, and the dots in blue represent downregulated pathways. The significance threshold of the GSEA test was set to an FDR q value of 0.05. b Enrichment plots (upper panel) and leading-edge gene expression heatmaps (lower panel) for representative pathways dysregulated in SMCs at the early stage of TAAD induction. NES, normalized enrichment score. The vertical lines in the enrichment plot show where the members of the gene set appear in the ranked list of genes. The average expression across cells in each group is shown in the heatmap. c The expression dynamics of representative pathways dysregulated during the induction of TAAD. Gene set-based signature scoring was performed using the method implemented in Single-Cell Signature Explorer. The expression activity of a gene set in each sample is represented by the average of the signature scores across cells in the sample.