Fig. 3: Biodistribution and retention of peptide vaccine nanoemulsions in vivo.

a Real-time in vivo fluorescence images of rats after intramuscular injection of Cy5-labeled LY54–101 nanoemulsions. b Monitoring of the kinetics of LY54–101 nanoemulsion retention at injection sites within 8 h. (n = 3; means ± SD). c, d Biodistribution of Cy5-labeled LY54–101 nanoemulsions in main organs excised from rats at 8 h post injection. (n = 3; means ± SD). c Fluorescence images of organs. d Fluorescence intensity analysis. He, hearts; Li, livers; Sp, spleens; Lu, lungs; Ki, kidneys. e, f Fluorescence images (e) of lymph nodes excised at 8 h post injection and fluorescence intensity analysis (f) of Cy5-labeled LY54–101 nanoemulsions. (n = 3; means ± SD), ***P < 0.001 as determined by one-way ANOVA with multiple comparison tests. g–j HPLC profile of stability analysis of F2 nanoemulsion formulation (g, h) and AS03 nanoemulsion formulation (i, j) for LY54–101 at 4 °C or 40 °C for 30 days. The horizontal axis represents the retention time (min), and the vertical axis represents the absorbance (mAU).