Fig. 2: BNT162b2-base cancer immunotherapy induces strong immune cell recruitment and TME reprogramming.

a Experimental design to characterize immune responses following BNT162b2-based cancer therapy. b–f Representative immunofluorescent staining images of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including CD3⁺ T lymphocytes, CD20⁺ B lymphocytes, NK1.1⁺ NK cells, CD11c⁺ I-A/I-E⁺ APCs, CD68⁺ macrophages, and Gr-1⁺ neutrophils. Please zoom in to see the fluorescent signals. And quantitative flow cytometry analysis (n = 5 per group) of CD3⁺ T lymphocytes, NK1.1⁺ NK cells, CD11c⁺ I-A/I-E⁺ APCs, CD11b⁺ F4/80⁺ macrophages, and CD11b⁺ F4/80⁻Ly6C⁺ Gr1⁺ neutrophils. g Representative immunofluorescent staining images and quantitative flow cytometry analysis (n = 5 per group) of H2K^b/H2D^b and I-A/I-E in the tumor. (Please zoom in to see the fluorescent signals). h Detection of intratumoral macrophage phenotypes M1 and M2 by flow cytometry (n = 5 per group). i Representative immunofluorescent staining images of tumor-infiltrating F4/80⁺ CD86⁺ M1 cells and F4/80⁺ CD206⁺ M2 cells in treatment and control groups. j Inflammatory-associated cytokine profiling of tumor tissues (n = 5 in BNT i.m.-PBS i.t. group, n = 6 in BNT i.m.-BNT i.t. group). k, l T helper cell-associated cytokine profiling of tumor tissues (n = 5 in BNT i.m.-PBS i.t. group, n = 6 in BNT i.m.-BNT i.t. group). m T helper cell-associated cytokine profiling of sera (n = 5 in BNT i.m.-PBS i.t. group, n = 5 in BNT i.m.-BNT i.t. group). BNT i.m.-PBS i.t. (control group): the mice with BNT162b2 intramuscular injections and PBS intratumoral injections. BNT i.m.-BNT i.t. (treatment group): the mice with BNT162b2 intramuscular injections and BNT162b2 intratumoral injections. Scale bars, 100 μm in b–g, and 20 μm in i. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 in j–m.