Fig. 7: The therapeutic efficacy of other potential pathogen antigen-based mRNA vaccine for cancer therapy and the summary diagram of BNT162b2-based cancer therapy.

a, e Tumor growth curves of the intratumoral L-HBsAg mRNA vaccine (a) or HKU1-S mRNA vaccine (e) treatment group vs the intratumoral PBS control group. The treatment protocol is the same as the BNT162b2 one. b, f Photos of tumors from the mice in the treatment and control groups at the endpoints. c, d, g, h Tumor growth curves of intratumoral PBS control group, intratumoral L-HBsAg mRNA vaccine treatment group, and intratumoral HKU1-S mRNA vaccine treatment group. i Schematic diagram of the design and mechanism of the BNT162b2-based cancer therapy. In this broad-spectrum cancer therapy design, the memory immunity against spike protein is first established by intramuscular administrations of COVID-19 vaccine, which can be rapidly reactivated to target the tumor cells expressing spike protein due to BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA intratumoral injections. This effective BNT162b2-based cancer therapy triggered a potent antigen spreading via the dead cancer cells and tumor-derived exosomes. These tumor antigens containing dead cells or exosomes provoked extensive tumor antigen-specific immune responses (antigen spreading), leading to tumor-specific effective cancer immunotherapy without the need of individualized cancer vaccine. L-HBsAg i.m.-PBS i.t.: the mice with L-HBsAg mRNA vaccine intramuscular injections and PBS intratumoral injections. L-HBsAg i.m.-L-HBsAg i.t.: the mice with L-HBsAg mRNA vaccine intramuscular and intratumoral injections. HKU1-S i.m.-PBS i.t.: the mice with HKU1-S mRNA intramuscular injections and PBS intratumoral injections. HKU1-S i.m.- HKU1-S i.t.: the mice with HKU1-S mRNA vaccine intramuscular and intratumoral injections.