Fig. 7: CR and Met ameliorate metabolic dysfunctions in AE-F1 mice and block their transmission to offspring.

a Schematic illustration of CR and Met interventions for F1 male offspring. Mice fed ad libitum NCD were used as controls. b Blood glucose levels upon 6 h of fasting in F1 males after the indicated interventions (Ctrl-NCD, n = 8; AE-NCD, n = 10; AE-CR, n = 8; AE-Met, n = 10). c Fed blood glucose levels in F1 males after the indicated interventions (Ctrl-NCD, n = 11; AE-NCD, n = 11; AE-CR, n = 8; AE-Met, n = 10). d IPGTT and the related AUC of F1 males after the indicated interventions (n = 8). e ITT and the related AUC of F1 males after the indicated interventions (Ctrl-NCD, n = 9; AE-NCD, n = 7; AE-CR, n = 7; AE-Met, n = 8). f Blood glucose levels upon 6 h of fasting in F2 male offspring born from intervened F1 males as indicated (Ctrl-NCD, n = 10; AE-NCD, n = 10; AE-CR, n = 6; AE-Met, n = 5). g Fed blood glucose levels in F2 male offspring born from intervened F1 males as indicated (Ctrl-NCD, n = 12; AE-NCD, n = 10; AE-CR, n = 6; AE-Met, n = 5). h GTT and the related AUC of F2 male offspring born from intervened F1 males as indicated (Ctrl-NCD, n = 9; AE-NCD, n = 9; AE-CR, n = 6; AE-Met, n = 5). i ITT and the related AUC of F2 male offspring born from intervened F1 males as indicated (Ctrl-NCD, n = 10; AE-NCD, n = 12; AE-CR, n = 5; AE-Met, n = 4). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *, Ctrl-NCD vs AE-NCD; statistical analyses of b, c, d, e, f, g, h, and i are performed using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. #, AE-NCD vs AE-CR; $, AE-NCD vs AE-Met; statistical analyses of b, c, d, e, f, g, h, and i are performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *P < 0.05, $P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, $$P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ####P < 0.0001.