Fig. 2: Maternal hyperglycemia affects offspring embryonic development and germ cell differentiation.

a Schematic showing the construction of the IUHG model with Oct4-EGFP male mice via STZ treatment. b Embryonic phenotype at E13.5. Representative images and quantifications of embryo weight and crown-rump length were detected in the control (n = 18 litters) and IUHG (n = 10 litters) groups. c Bright-field and Oct4-EGFP fluorescence images of gonads at E13.5 in control and IUHG by fluorescence microscopy. d Embryonic phenotype at E16.5. Representative images and quantifications of embryo weight and crown-rump length were detected in the control (n = 24 litters) and IUHG (n = 24 litters) groups. e Bright-field and Oct4-EGFP fluorescence images of gonads at E16.5 in control and IUHG by fluorescence microscopy. f Immunofluorescence staining of meiotic markers SYCP1 (red), SYCP3 (green), and counterstained with DAPI (blue) for nuclei in chromosome spreads of the oocyte at E13.5. g Distribution of meiotic stages in oocytes from E13.5 fetuses in control and IUHG. A minimum of 200 cells was counted per experiment with three biological replicates conducted. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Significance was calculated using an unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test (a, b, d, g); **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n.s. not significant.