Fig. 2

Neuron cell sub-clusters in human embryonic cerebral cortex. a t-SNE map showing the subtypes of all inhibitory and excitatory neurons. The inhibitory neuron could be subdivided into eight clusters, and all of those are GAD1 positive. The excitatory neurons are NEUROD2 positive and could be subdivided into four clusters. In inhibitory neuron, Ex excitatory neuron. b Violin plot showing the DEGs of subgroups with inhibitory neuron (left) and exicitatory neuron (right), respectively. c Schematic diagram describing where different types of inhibitory neurons are generated and how they migrated. Violin plots show expression levels of interneuron progenitor genes DLX2 and NR2F2 in each subgroups. The cortex landscape shows the dominant inhibitory neuron types in each region. Blue indicates that over 60% inhibitory neurons in the corresponding region are in LHX6 subtype and the purple indicates that over 60% inhibitory neurons are in CALB2 subtype. White indicates that both subtypes of inhibitory neurons make up 40%–60% of the sum. Regions of gray color are detected with <15 inhibitory neurons. d The accurate percentages of inhibitory neurons belonging to LHX6 and CALB2 subgroups in regions colored with blue, purple, and white. e Left, heatmap showing the genes positively and negatively regulating excitatory neuron maturation, respectively. The color bars at the top represent cells from different clusters, which are arranged in a pseudotime order from immature to mature neurons. Middle, expression of putative excitatory neuron maturation regulating genes in the structures studied by Miller et al.²⁰ (sample 12566). Right, enriched biological processes for down-regulated and up-regulated genes in excitatory neuron maturation. VZ ventricluar zone, ISVZ inner subventricular zone, OSVZ outer subventricular zone, IZ intemediate zone, SP subplate zone, CP cortical plate, MZ marginal zone, SG subpial granular zone