Table 3 List of circRNAs that are translated into peptides with a role in human cancer.
circRNA | ENCODED PEPTIDE | TUMOR TYPE | PEPTIDE EXPRESSION LEVEL | PEPTIDE ACTIVITY OUTPUT | PEPTIDE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY | IN VIVO MODELS | Ref # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
circAKT3 | AKT3-174aa | Glioblastoma |
| Tumor-suppressive | Competitive binding to PDK1. This results in decreased AKT3 phosphorylation, hence decreased signaling through the PI3K/AKT pathway. | xenograft + patients | |
circASK1 | ASK1‐272aa | Lung adenocarcinoma |
| Tumor-suppressive | Competitive binding to AKT1. In this way ASK1 is released from phosphorylation‐mediated inactivation. | patients | |
circAXIN1 | AXIN1‐295aa | Gastric cancer |
| Oncogenic | Binding to APC. This prevents the interaction of APC with AXIN1, abolishing its inhibitory effect. As a result, signaling through the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway increases. | xenograft + patients | |
circβ‐Catenin | β-Catenin-370aa | Non-small cell lung cancer |
| Oncogenic | Competitive binding to GSK3β, which prevents the GSK3β‐mediated degradation of β‐Catenin. This results in increased signaling through the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway. | patients | |
Liver cancer |
| Oncogenic | xenograft + patients | ||||
circCHEK | circCHEK1-246aa | Multiple myeloma |
| Oncogenic | Promotion of cell proliferation through chromosomal instability; enhancement of macrophage‐osteoclast differentiation. | xenograft | |
circDIDO1 | DIDO1‐529aa | Gastric cancer |
| Tumor-suppressive | Promotion of the ubiquitin‐mediated degradation of PRDX2. | xenograft + patients | |
circE‐Cad | C‐E‐Cad | Glioblastoma |
| Oncogenic | Promotion of EGFR signaling. | xenograft + patients | |
circEIF6 | EIF6‐224aa | Triple negative breast cancer |
| Oncogenic | Promotion of the MYH9/Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling pathway. | xenograft + patients | |
circFBXW7 | FBXW7-185aa | Glioma |
| Tumor-suppressive | Binding to USP28. This favors the proteasome-dependent degradation of c‐Myc induced by FBXW7. | xenograft + patients | |
Triple negative breast cancer |
| xenograft + patients | |||||
circFGFR1 | circFGFR1p | Cancer |
| Tumor-suppressive | Negative regulation of FGFR1. | – | |
circFNDC3B | circFNDC3B‐218aa | Colorectal cancer |
| Tumor-suppressive | Inhibition of the Snail‐FBP‐EMT axis. | xenograft + patients | |
circGprc5a | circGprc5a-peptide | Bladder cancer |
| Oncogenic | Binding to Gprc5A. This results in increased signaling through the GPCR pathway. | patients | |
circHEATR5B | HEATR5B‐881aa | Glioblastoma |
| Tumor-suppressive | Mediation of the inhibitory effect of circHEATR5B. | xenograft + patients | |
circ‐HER2 | HER2‐103 | Triple negative breast cancer |
| Oncogenic | Binding to EGFR and HER3. This results in increased EGFR signaling. | xenograft + patients | |
circMAPK1 | MAPK1‐109aa | Gastric cancer |
| Tumor-suppressive | Inhibition of MAPK1 phosphorylation. This results in decreased signaling through the MAPK pathway. | xenograft + patients | |
circMAPK14 | circMAPK14‐175aa | Colorectal cancer |
| Tumor-suppressive | Competitive binding to MKK6. This results in decreased MAPK14 phosphorylation and leads to proteasome-dependent degradation of FOXC1. | xenograft + patients | |
circMAP3K4 | circMAP3K4‐455aa | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Oncogenic | Alteration of the nuclear distribution of AIF. | xenograft + patients | |
circPLCE1 | circPLCE1‐411 | Colorectal carcinoma |
| Tumor-suppressive | Dissociation of the HSP90α/RPS3 complex, followed by proteasome-dependent degradation of RSP3. As a result, signaling through the NF‐κB pathway decreases. | xenograft + PDX + patients | |
circPPP1R12A | cPPP1R12A-73aa | Colon cancer |
| Oncogenic | Promotion of Hippo-YAP signaling pathway. | xenograft + patients | |
circSHPRH | SHPRH-146aa | Glioma |
| Tumor-suppressive | Promotion of proteasome-dependent degradation of PCNA. | xenograft + patients | |
circSMO | SMO‐193aa | Glioblastoma |
| Oncogenic | Promotion of HH signaling pathway (Shh/Gli1/FUS/SMO‐193aa/SMO). | xenograft + patients | |
circUBE4B | circUBE4B‐173aa | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma |
| Oncogenic | Promotion of MAPK1 phosphorylation. This results in increased signaling through the MAPK pathway. | xenograft + patients | |
circ0000437 | CORO1C‐47aa | Endometrial cancer |
| Tumor-suppressive | Inhibition of VEGF expression. | xenograft + patients | |
circPINTexon2 | PINT87aa | Glioblastoma |
| Tumor-suppressive | Binding to PAF1. This results in the inhibition of the transcriptional elongation of multiple oncogenes. | xenograft + patients | |
ecircCUX1 | p113 | Neuroblastoma |
| Oncogenic | Formation of the p113/ZRF1/BRD4 transcriptional regulatory complex. | xenograft + patients |
