Fig. 3

In response to diverse signals, macrophages attain heterogeneous activation states and develop customized, specific functions. Macrophages are activated or polarized by various stimuli, which result in different phenotypes. LPS/IFN-γ leads to inflammatory macrophages, while IL-4/IL-13 induces macrophages to an anti-inflammatory state. The relevant epigenetic enzymes that regulate the macrophage phenotype are summarized by their influence. As shown in the balance model, the enzymes above the arrows have been shown to have activating effects, while those under the T-shaped support stand have repressive effects on M1/M2 activation