Fig. 1 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology

Fig. 1

From: FNDC4 and FNDC5 reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry points and spike glycoprotein S1-induced pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis in human adipocytes

Fig. 1

FNDC4 and FNDC5 reduced SARS-CoV-2 cell entry points and SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit 1-mediated PANoptosis in human visceral adipocytes. Bar graphs show the gene expression of several SARS-CoV-2 host cell receptors and S1/S2 protein priming in adipocytes stimulated with different concentrations of FNDC4 (A) or FNDC5 (B) or after gene silencing of FNDC4 or FNDC5 (C). Gene expression in unstimulated or siRNA control cells was set to 1. Effect of coincubating adipocytes with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit S1 (10 ng/mL) and FNDC4 (10 ng/mL) or FNDC5 (10 ng/mL) on the protein expression and secretion of several factors involved in pyroptosis (D, E), apoptosis (F, G) and necroptosis (H, I). Representative blots are shown on the left side of the histograms. The protein expression in unstimulated adipocytes was set to 1. Sex-dependent differences in fasting plasma ACE2 (J), FNDC4 (K) and FNDC5 (L) levels in normal-weight controls and patients with obesity and normoglycemia (NG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. unstimulated cells or siRNA control cells. aP < 0.05 effect of obesity and/or insulin resistance; bP < 0.05 effect of sex (male)

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