Fig. 1

Phylogeny of coronaviruses and the breadth of protection afforded by different types of vaccines. Updated vaccines containing Omicron BA.1 or later sequences of spike have been designed to offer improved single-variant protection against currently circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2 compared with licensed vaccines. Next-generation vaccines are being designed to offer broader protection, for instance, pan-variant vaccines that could target all variants of the single viral species, SARS-CoV-2; pan-subgenus vaccines that target all members of the subgenus sarbecoviruses (including also SARS-CoV-1); pan-genus vaccines that include all members of the genus β-coronavirus (further including MERS-CoV, HCoV HKU1 and OC43); pan-subfamily vaccines that target all Orthocoronavirinae (also including alpha-coronaviruses HCoV NL63 and 229E); and pan-coronavirus vaccines that target all species within the Coronaviridae family. Created with BioRender.com