Fig. 4
From: Tissue-specific features of innate lymphoid cells in antiviral defense
ILCs in digestive tract infections.A Vaccinia virus (VACV) can infect the oral mucosa and is restricted by homeostatic IFNγ production by ILC1s, which bypass poxvirus-encoded immune evasion molecules. B Enteric rotavirus infection leads to Toll-like receptor (TLR)5- and Nod-like receptor (NLR)C4-dependent IL-22 production by ILC3s, which mediates rotavirus control in combination with IFNλ. C Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to restrict the number of ILC3s in an IFN-I- and FAS-dependent manner. As a result, barrier function is decreased in HIV-infected individuals, which can lead to microbial dislocation. HIV can infect CD4 + T cells, macrophages, and CD4 + ILC1s. NK cells can restrict HIV infection, which is associated with specific KIR and HLA genotypes
