Fig. 2

Various T-cell engager (TCE) formats described in immuno-oncology. Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) derived from T-cell receptor antibodies (blue) and from tumor-associated antigen antibodies (red) can associate to form bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs). BiTEs can be combined with a third scFv (green) to form a trispecific T-cell engager (TriTE) and with an additional moiety to form a tetraspecific T-cell engager (TetraTE). BiTEs can also be complemented with the extracellular domain of PD1 to form a checkpoint inhibitor T-cell engager (CiTE) or administered with a second molecule, such as an anti-CD28 × anti-PDL1, as in the simultaneous multiple interaction T-cell engager (SMiTE). Various molecular modifications, such as mutations of the VH-VL interface, shorter links between domains and the addition of disulfide bonds, have led to the development of additional formats, such as diabody, tandem diabody and dual affinity retargeting (DART). Created with Biorender