Fig. 1
From: Immunogenicity of cell death and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors
ICD as a tool for converting immunologically “cold” tumors into inflamed malignancies. Numerous biological, chemical and physical agents can elicit immunogenic cell death (ICD), a variant of regulated cell death that, in the context of failing to adapt to stress, antigenicity, adjuvanticity and permissive microenvironmental conditions, is sufficient to elicit adaptive immune responses specific for cell death-associated antigens that are associated with an active effector phase and the establishment of long-term immunological memory. Immunogenic cell death induction is generally associated with the abundant recruitment of immune effector cells and hence can (at least hypothetically) convert an immunologically cold tumor largely infiltrated by immunosuppressive M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T (TREG) cells into an inflamed neoplasm exhibiting abundant infiltration by dendritic cells (DCs), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. ANXA1 annexin A1, DAMP damage-associated molecular pattern, CALR calreticulin, CXCL10 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, HMGB1, high mobility group box 1, IFN interferon
