Table 2 Unsuccessful clinical trials testing ICD inducers and ICIsa

From: Immunogenicity of cell death and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors

Indication

ICD inducer(s)

ICI(s)

Other

Trial Name

Trial #

Ref.

Breast cancer

Cyclophosphamide

Tecemotide

Endocrine therapy

STRIDE

NCT00925548

n.a.

Breast cancer

Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, paclitaxel

Atezolizumab

Trastuzumab, pertuzumab

IMpassion050

NCT03726879

[118]

Colorectal carcinoma

5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin

Nivolumab

Bevacizumab

CheckMate 9×8

NCT03414983

[105, 106]

Glioblastoma

RT, temozolomide

Ipilimumab, nivolumab

n.a.

n.a.

NCT04396860

[185]

Glioblastoma

RT, temozolomide

Nivolumab

n.a.

CheckMate 498

NCT02617589

[108]

Glioblastoma

RT, temozolomide

Nivolumab

n.a.

CheckMate 548

NCT02667587

[107]

HNSCC

Cetuximab, RT

Durvalumab

n.a.

n.a.

NCT03258554

[186]

HNSCC

AFX, cisplatin, SFX

Pembrolizumab

n.a.

KEYNOTE-412

NCT03040999

[187]

NSCLC

Carboplatin, cisplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, pemetrexed

Epacadostat, nivolumab

n.a.

n.a.

NCT03348904

n.a.

NSCLC

Carboplatin, cisplatin, pemetrexed

Atezolizumab

n.a.

IMpower 132

NCT02657434

[97]

NSCLC

Carboplatin, paclitaxel

Ipilimumab

n.a.

n.a.

NCT02279732

n.a.

NSCLC

Carboplatin, paclitaxel

Ipilimumab

n.a.

n.a.

NCT01285609

[99]

NSCLC

Carboplatin, nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel

Atezolizumab

n.a.

IMpower131

NCT02367794

[96]

Ovarian carcinoma

Carboplatin, paclitaxel

Atezolizumab

Bevacizumab

IMagyn050

NCT03038100

[119, 188]

Ovarian carcinoma

Carboplatin, paclitaxel

Avelumab

n.a.

JAVELIN Ovarian 100

NCT02718417

[189]

Ovarian carcinoma

Doxorubicin

Avelumab

n.a.

JAVELIN Ovarian 200

NCT02580058

[190]

Prostate cancer

Docetaxel

Pembrolizumab

Prednisone, dexamethasone

KEYNOTE-921

NCT03834506

NCT04907227

[109]

Prostate cancer

Docetaxel, RT

Ipilimumab

n.a.

n.a.

NCT00861614

[110]

SCLC

Etoposide, carboplatin, cisplatin

Ipilimumab

n.a.

n.a.

NCT01450761

[100]

SCLC

Platinum-based chemotherapy

Ipilimumab, nivolumab

n.a.

CheckMate 451

NCT02538666

[101]

SCLC

Platinum-based chemotherapy

Nivolumab

n.a.

CheckMate 331

NCT02481830

[102]

TNBC

Carboplatin, nab-paclitaxel

Atezolizumab

Surgery

NeoTRIPaPDL1

NCT02620280

[117]

TNBC

Paclitaxel

Atezolizumab

n.a.

IMpassion131

NCT03125902

[70]

Urothelial carcinoma

Carboplatin, cisplatin, gemcitabine

Pembrolizumab

n.a.

KEYNOTE-361

NCT02853305

[111]

Urothelial carcinoma

Carboplatin, cisplatin, gemcitabine

Atezolizumab

n.a.

IMvigor130

NCT02807636

[112, 191]

  1. AFX accelerated fractionation radiotherapy, HNSCC head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, ICD immunogenic cell death inducer, ICI immune checkpoint inhibitor, n.a. not applicable, NSCLC non-small cell lung carcinoma, RT radiation therapy, SCLC small cell lung carcinoma, SFX standard fractionation radiotherapy, TNBC triple-negative breast cancer
  2. aLimited to Phase II or higher; last updated: 10/17/2024
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