Table 1 Mechanical performance and functional properties of nacre-inspired composites with different macroscopic dimensions

1D Fibers

rGO-chitosan

442

4.8 J/g

Polymer crosslinking

—

39

GO-HPG-GA

652

14 MJ/m³

Electrical conductivity

40

rGO-Ca²⁺

501

6.7%

Ions crosslinking

Electrical conductivity

42

rGO-Cu²⁺

408

6.0%

Electrical conductivity

42

rGO-Ca²⁺-PCDO

842

16 MJ/m³

Electrical conductivity

44

GO

30

80%

Twisting

Electrical conductivity

47

GO-PVA

300

400%

Elasticity

48

2D films

rGO-PDA

204

4 MJ/m³

Interface crosslinking

Electrical conductivity

59

rGO-SL

300

2.8 MJ/m³

Electrical conductivity

60

Hectorite-PVA

40

31 MJ/m³

Gas barrier

58

MTM-PVA-GA

248

1%

Fire-retardant

52

MTM-PVA-GA

315

0.5%

Barrier and fire-retardant

63

rGO-AP-DSS

538.8

16.1 MJ/m³

Electrical conductivity

62

GO-CMC-Al³⁺

304

5.4 MJ/m³

—

64

GO-CMC-TiO²⁺

228

18.9 MJ/m³

—

64

rGO-PDA-Ni

420

19 MJ/m³

Electrical conductivity

66

GO-borate-CMC

480.5

11.8 MJ/m³

Fire-retardant

67

MTM-ALG-Ca²⁺

280

7.2 MJ/m³

Fire-retardant

68

MTM-NFC-PVA

302

3.72 MJ/m³

Nanofiber reinforcement

Fatigue-resistant

53

SPN-NFC-TEMPO

420

10%

—

69

rGO-DWNT-PCDO

374

9.2 MJ/m³

Fatigue-resistant

70

rGO-MoS₂-TPU

235

6.9 MJ/m³

Nanosheets reinforcement

Electrical conductivity

73

rGO–MMT–PVA

356

7.5 MJ/m³

Fire-retardant

74

GO-AA-SCMC

305

8.2 MJ/m³

—

76

rGO-WS₂-PCDO

413.6

17.7 MJ/m³

Electrical conductivity

75

3D bulk materials

Al₂O₃-CE

300

5%

Bridges reinforcement

Shock-resistant

89

Al₂O₃-SiO₂

650

14 MPa*m^0.5

—

79

Al₂O₃-PMMA

320

30 MPa*m^0.5

High content of hard phase

—

93

Al₂O₃-PVA

320

40 MPa*m^0.5

—

93

Al₂O₃-glasses

470

22 MPa*m^0.5

—

95

CaCO₃-SL

64

0.38%

Bio-mineralization

83

Iron oxide-oleic acid

620

0.7%

Interface modifying

—

81

Borosilicate-PU

11.5

20%

—

105