Fig. 5: Cell attachment and proliferation.

Cell attachment and proliferation: a SEM and b CLSM observation of adhering hMSCs on the engineered fibrous membranes with different PDA NP concentrations at 6 and 12 h. The red arrows in a point to the pseudopodia. The inserts in the upper right of b show the magnified images of a single cell. c Cell attachment and d proliferation curves of hMSCs on the sample surfaces obtained via CCK-8. * Represents p < 0.05 between groups, ** represents p < 0.01 between groups; and # represents p < 0.05 compared with other groups