Fig. 3: Photocatalysis of IOS-PA.

a Photocatalytic mechanism of TiO2. b Paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (ESR/EPR) spectra of the composite coating; many superoxide free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals were found. c UV–Vis spectra of Nile red solution showing decomposition by F-ER-TiO2 NPs every 1 h. The insets are optical photos of the color variations. d F-ER-TiO2 NPs showed favorable degradation performance of Nile red for 10 cycles over 4 h. Ct indicates the organic content upon UV illumination for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h in each cycle, and Co is the original content of Nile red.