Fig. 4: Mechanism of UV-resistant superhydrophobicity on our coating (F-ER-TiO2 NPs).

The F-ER-TiO2 NPs still showed stable superhydrophobicity with a high WCA > 150° under UV light for 100 h (a) and ambient sunlight for 8640 h (d), where the surface structures b, e and low-surface-energy compounds c, f remained almost unvaried. g Multifunctional self-cleaning was shown on the coating, where sand particles could be removed by rolling water and organic dye could be decomposed by UV light. All insets in a and d show the WCA under UV or sunlight illumination. Scale bars: 0.5 μm (b, e), 1 cm (g).