Fig. 4: Atomic-scale observation before and after SOA.

a HRTEM image of the as-grown SMO film with a thickness of 20 nm on the LSAT substrate with the FFT of each layer. b Schematic of the ideal SMO structure along the [−110] direction. c HRTEM image of the SRO (20 nm) capped SMO thin film after oxygen annealing with a thickness of 20 nm on LSAT with the FFT of each layer. d Diffraction pattern of the area in panel c. e Magnified image of the boxed area in panel c showing the polar SMO structure where the Sr and Mn cations are indicated by green and purple, respectively.