Fig. 4: Energy storage performance of the 2D hybrid filler-based PVDF composites.

a D–E hysteresis loops of the PVDF/BT@TO ns-4 wt% composite in various electric fields. b D–E hysteresis loops of the PVDF/BT@TO ns composites at different filler loadings. c Electric-field dependent Ud of the PVDF/BT@TO ns composites. d Electric-field dependent η of the PVDF/BT@TO ns composites. e Eb, D, and Ud at 100 MV m−1 changing with the BT@TO ns loading. f Weibull distribution of the PVDF/BT@TO ns composites at different filler loadings.