Fig. 5: Comparison of the dielectric and energy storage performance.

a D–E hysteresis loops of PVDF and the various composites (PVDF/TO nss, PVDF/TO nws, PVDF/BT nps, and PVDF/BT@TO nss) with a 4 wt% filler loading at 100 MV m−1. b Weibull distribution of PVDF and the various composites (PVDF/TO nss, PVDF/TO nws, PVDF/BT nps, and PVDF/BT@TO nss) at 4 wt% filler loading. c Ud of PVDF and the various composites at 4 wt% filler loading.