Fig. 2: Regulatory effects of biochemical and biophysical cues in the extracellular microenvironment on the features of cell-derived exosomes.

The features of exosomes, including production, transport, and cargo selection, can be altered when cells experience different biochemical (e.g., oxygen23,34,35, nitric oxide38, and chemical41,44,45 or biological molecules38,42,46) and biophysical (e.g., mechanical stimulation22, environmental dimensionality51, temperature56, ionizing radiation58, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS)57) cues in their microenvironment.