Table 1 Features of cell-derived exosomes regulated by biochemical and biophysical cues in cell microenvironment.
Origin cells | Biochemical/biophysical cues | Exosome features | Mechanisms | Experimental protocols/methods | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiac progenitor cells | Hypoxia | Cargo selection: increased miR-292, miR-103, miR-210, etc. | Gene expression qPCR array | ||
Adipose MSCs | Hypoxia | Cargo selection: increased VEGF, FGF, EGF, VEGF-R, MCP | Protein array | ||
HIF-1α-overexpressing MSCs | Hypoxia | Cargo selection: increased Jagged1 | Protein array; western blotting | ||
Mast cells | Oxidative stress | Cargo selection: mRNA alteration | RNA microarray analysis | ||
Human placenta-derived MSCs | Nitric oxide | Cargo selection: increased VEGF, miR-126 | qRT-PCR; Elisa; western blotting | ||
Human umbilical cord MSCs | 3,3′-diindolylmethane | Cargo selection: increased Wnt-11 | Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation | Elisa; western blotting | |
Tumor cells (e.g., myeloma, lymphoblastoid, and breast cancer) | Heparanase | Production: increased exosome secretion; Cargo selection: increased syndecan-1, VEGF, and HGF | NanoSight analysis; Elisa | ||
EBV-infected cells | Aspirin | Cargo selection: reduced latent membrane protein 1 and increased miR-203 | NF-κB activation | qRT-PCR; western blotting | |
Epithelial cells and monocytes | Simvastatin | Production: reduced exosomes synthesis, localization, and secretion | Partially related to cholesterol reduction | Semi-quantitative fluorescent bead-based assay; western blotting | |
Adipose MSCs | Platelet-derived growth factor | Production: increased exosomes secretion Cargo selection: carried c-kit and SCF | NanoSight analysis; protein array; | ||
Umbilical cord derived MSCs | 3D culture and tangential flow filtration | Production: enhanced exosomes yields Transport: more efficient siRNA transfer | Nanoparticle tracking analysis; fluorescent staining | ||
MLE-12 lung epithelial cells | Mechanical stretch | Production: increased EVs release Cargo selection: miR‐690, miR-711 and miR‐let‐7c‐5p, etc. | Nanoparticle tracking analysis; miRNA microarray analysis | ||
HUVECs | Shock wave | Production: increased exosomes release Cargo selection: miR-7i, miR-19a, miR-19b | Stimulating nSMAse2-catalyzed and GW 4869-sensitive ceramide formation | Nanoparticle tracking analysis; flow cytometry; qPCR array | |
Endothelial cells infected with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) | Temperature | Production: storage temperature rose, EVs decreased Transport: less C5b-9 at −20 °C than 4 °C and −70 °C, the least C5b-9 at 37 °C | Nanoparticle tracking analysis; Elisa | ||
Bone marrow dendritic cells | Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound | Cargo selection: enriched miRNA-16 and miRNA-21 | qRT-PCR; western blotting | ||
U87MG glioma cells | Ionizing radiation | Production: increased exosomes release Cargo selection: increased IGFBP2 and CTGF | Activation of p53 | Nanoparticle tracking analysis; RNA microarray analysis; western blotting |
