Fig. 4: Creeping-based processing of CNT/PEI films.

a Cyclic tensile tests at 0.05 Hz of the raw CNT film and CNT/PEI (30 wt%) film. The larger enclosed area of the load–strain hysteresis loops well reflect an enhanced energy loss and reduced energy storage in CNT/PEI film. b Vibration reduction ability for different CNT films, as a function of frequency ranging from 20 to 100 Hz. c The different creeping behaviors of the raw CNT film, as-impregnated composite film, and 40% stretched and I-treated film. d The creeping-based stretching of CNT/PEI films realized by hanging an object with a mass of 100 g or 200 g. e The side and surface view of the creep-stretched film. f Comparison of the specific strength between the multi-step stretched and creeping-based stretched CNT films.