Fig. 12: LbL-based stent coatings for anti-thrombogenicity.

a Schematic illustration of preparation of heparinized 3D printed biodegradable PLA stent. (i) 3D printed bare PLA stent, (ii) poly-dopamine coating on bare PLA stent, (iii) PEI immobilization on poly-dopamine coated PLA stent, (iv) heparin grafting on poly-dopamine/PEI layered PLA stent, (v) and visualization of PLADP and PLADPH (poly-dopamine + PEI + heparin) after alcian blue staining of glycosaminoglycans within the heparin. b Ex vivo arteriovenous shunt blood circulation system using porcine animal model. c Neon photograph images for platelet visualization on PLA, PLADP, and PLADPH (n = 3)8. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier. d The coating combines the functions of NO and heparin for improved inhibition of thrombogenic responses (coagulation cascade and platelets) and inhibition of SMC proliferation, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis and stenosis of the stent67. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier.