Fig. 2: Schematic illustration of the various functional self-assembled stent coating.

Anti-fouling by mutual repulsion of negative charges, anti-proliferative by loading drugs to cause cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase, promoting endothelial adhesion and growth by loading vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-loaded heparin/PLL particle, anti-coagulation by imitating ECs to release active molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), and gene therapy by controllable gene delivery.