Fig. 8: The formation principle of polydopamine and the combination of dopamine based self-assembled coating on the surface of stents.

a The synthesis of poly-dopamine is achieved by the covalent bond-forming oxidative polymerization and the physical self-assembly of dopamine and 5,6-dihydroxyindole63. Copyright © 2012 Wiley. b Preparation of nano Cu-MOFs-immobilized coating on cardiovascular stents by polymerization of dopamine65. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier. c Mussel-inspired selenocystamine-dopamine coatings forms on cardiovascular stents29. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier.